Wiki Languages: Sakha language (Саха тыла (Saxa Tyla))
| Language: Sakha (Sakha language) | Local name: Саха тыла (Saxa Tyla) |
| Language code: sah | Display language: English (en)|
| Speak area: Russia | Classification: Turkic |
| Country: Russia | Second language: |
| Usage: regional | Wiki language for Sakha language |
Dictionary for Sakha (Саха тыла (Saxa Tyla)) in English
| English | Sakha |
| Саха тыла (Saxa Tyla) | English |
| Yakut | |
|---|---|
| Sakha tyla | |
| саха тыла sakha tïla | |
| Pronunciation | [saχa tɯla] |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Amur Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Evenkiysky District) |
| Ethnicity | Yakuts |
Native speakers | 450,000[1] (2010 census) |
Language family | Turkic
|
Writing system | Cyrillic (formerly Latin and Cyrillic-based) |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | |
| ISO 639-3 | sah |
| Glottolog | yaku1245 |
| ELP | Yakut |
 Sakha language Dolgan language | |
 | |
Yakut, also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла), is a Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.
The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Classification
Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor, Tuvan and Dolgan. Like most Turkic languages, Yakut has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb. Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages.[2]
Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early.[3] Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low.[4] Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic, such as the preservation of long vowels.[5]
Geographic distribution
Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan, a close relative of Yakut, considered by some a dialect of Yakut,[6] is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region. Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans, Evenks, Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census.[7]
Phonology
Consonants
Yakut has the following consonants phonemes,[8] where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses.
| Bilabial | Dental/ alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ м (m) | /n/ н (n) | /ɲ/ нь (ń) | /ŋ/ ҥ (ŋ) | ||
| Plosive / affricate | voiceless | /p/ п (p) | /t/ т (t) | /t͡ʃ/ ч (č) | /k/ к (k) | |
| voiced | /b/ б (b) | /d/ д (d) | /d͡ʑ/ дь (ǰ) | /ɡ/ г (g) | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | /s/ с (s) | /χ/ х (x) | /h/ һ (h) | ||
| voiced | /ʁ/ ҕ (ɣ) | |||||
| Approximant | plain | /l/ л (l) | /j/ й (y) | |||
| nasalized | /ȷ̃/ й (ỹ) | |||||
| Flap | /ɾ/ р (r) | |||||
- /n, t, d/ are laminaldenti-alveolar[n̪, t̪, d̪], whereas /s, l, ɾ/ are alveolar[s, l, ɾ].
- The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography, where both are written as <й>. Thus айыы can be ayïï[ajiː] 'deed, creation, work' or aỹïï[aȷ̃iː] 'sin, transgression.'[9] The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ has a very restricted distribution, appearing in very few words.[10]
- /ɾ/ is pronounced as a flap /ɾ/ between vowels, e.g. орон (oron) [oɾon] 'place', and as a trill at the end of words, e.g. тур (tur) [tur] 'stand'.[11][12]
- /ɾ/ does not occur at the beginning of words in native Yakut words; borrowed Russian words with onset /ɾ/ are usually rendered with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. Russian рама (rama) > Yakut араама (araama) 'frame'.
Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages. Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants. Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have the palatal nasal /ɲ/.
Consonant assimilation
Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation, both progressive and regressive.[13][14] All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs. For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G, B, T, and L. Examples of each are provided in the following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'y'all's child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut, 'our child'), -TA (partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LARA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and the below section).
| Consonant archiphoneme | Immediately preceding sound (example) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High vowel i, u, ï, ü (kihi) | Low vowel a, e, o, ö (oɣo) | /l/ (uol) | /j,ɾ/ (kötör) | Voiceless consonants (tiis) | /χ/ (ïnaχ) | Nasal (oron) | |
| G -GIt | [g] kihigit | [ɣ] oɣoɣut | [g] uolgut | [g] kötörgüt | [k] tiiskit | [χ] ïnaχχït | [ŋ] oroŋŋut[a] |
| B -BIt | [b] kihibit | [b] oɣobut | [b] uolbut | [b] kötörbüt | [p] tiispit | [p] ïnaχpït | [m] orommut[b] |
| T -TA | [t] kihite | [t] oɣoto | [l] uolla | [d] kötördö | [t] tiiste | [t] ïnaχta | [n] oronnut |
| L -LARA | [l] kihilere | [l] oɣoloro | [l] uollara | [d] kötördörö | [t] tiistere | [t] ïnaχtara | [n] oronnoro |
| 'person' | 'child' | 'boy' | 'bird' | 'tooth' | 'cow' | 'bed' | |
- ^Regressive velarization.
- ^Regressive labialization.
There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [t]-final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'y'all's horse', > appït 'our horse'.
Debuccalization
Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox, both meaning "not").[clarification needed] The historical change of *s > h, known as debuccalization, is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt.[15]Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic, and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in the related Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish, and Manx).
Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme /s/ becomes [h]. For example the /s/ in кыыс (kïïs) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels:[16]
a. kïïs girl > > kïïh-ïm girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter' |
Vowels
Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels,[a] and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme,[b] as well as the native script bold and romanization in italics:
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | short | /i/ и (i) | /y/ ү (ü) | /ɯ/ ы (ï[c]) | /u/ у (u) |
| long[d] | /iː/ ии (ii) | /yː/ үү (üü) | /ɯː/ ыы (ïï) | /uː/ уу (uu) | |
| Diphthong | /ie/ иэ (ie) | /yø/ үө (üö) | /ɯa/ ыа (ïa) | /uɔ/ уо (uo) | |
| Open | short | /e/ э (e) | /ø/ ө (ö) | /a/ а (a) | /ɔ/ о (o) |
| long | /eː/ ээ (ee) | /øː/ өө (öö) | /aː/ аа (aa) | /ɔː/ оо (oo) | |
- ^The long vowel phonemes /eː/, /oː/, and /øː/ appear in very few words and are thus considered marginal phonemes.[17]
- ^Note that these vowels are extremely broad. Narrower transcriptions[18] transcribe the high back non-front vowel ы as central /ɨ/. The front non-high unrounded open vowel in э, э, and иэ are more accurately [ɛ], [ɛː], [iɛ], respectively.
- ^ы is occasionally Romanized as y,[19] consistent with the BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian Cyrillic. Turkologists and Altaicists tend to transcribe the vowel as ï,[20] or as ɨ.[21]
- ^Some authors romanize long vowels with a macron (e.g. /iː/ ī, /yː/ ǖ)[4] or with a colon (e.g. /iː/ i:/iː, /yː/, ü:/üː).[22]
Vowel harmony
Like other Turkic languages, a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony. Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин (kelin) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family.[23] Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in the preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels.[24] There are two main rules of vowel harmony:
- Frontness/backness harmony:
- Front vowels are always followed by front vowels.
- Back vowels are always followed by back vowels.
- Rounding harmony:
- Unrounded vowels are always followed by unrounded vowels.
- Close rounded vowels always occur after close rounded vowels.
- Open unrounded vowels do not assimilate in rounding with close rounded vowels.
The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern:[25] Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowelsI (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel).
| Category | Final vowel in stem | Suffix vowels |
|---|---|---|
| Unrounded, back | a, aa, ï, ïï, ïa | a, aa, ï, ïï, ïa |
| Unrounded, front | e, ee, i, ii, ie | e, ee, i, ii, ie |
| Rounded back | u, uu, uo | a, u, uo |
| Rounded, front, close | ü, üü, üö | e, ee, ü, üü, üö |
| Rounded, back | o, oo | o, oo, u, uu, uo |
| Rounded, open, low | ö, öö | ö, öö, ü, üü, üö |
| Archiphonemic vowel | Preceding vowel | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||
| unrounded (i, ii, ie, e, ee) | rounded | unrounded (ï, ïï, ïa, a, aa) | rounded | |||
| high (ü, üü, üö) | low (ö, öö) | high (u, uu, uo) | low (o, oo) | |||
| I | i | ü | ï | u | ||
| A | e | ö | a | o | ||
Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m:[26] as in (a):
a. aat-ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name' | et-im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat' | uol-um son-POSS.1SG 'my son' | üüt-üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk' |
The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A[27] in (b):
b. aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father' | iỹe-te mother-POSS.3SG 'his/her mother' | oɣo-to child-POSS.3SG 'his/her child' | töbö-tö top-POSS.3SG 'his/her top' | uol-a son-POSS.3SG 'his/her son' |
Orthography
After three earlier phases of development, Yakut is currently written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of all the Russian characters with five additional letters for phonemes not present in Russian: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү, as follows:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Дь дь | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ҥ ҥ |
| Нь нь | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Һ һ | Т т | У у |
| Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Long vowels are represented through the doubling of vowels, e.g. үүт (üüt) /yːt/ 'milk,' a practice that many scholars follow in Romanizations of the language.[28][29][30]
The full Yakut alphabet contains letters for consonant phonemes not present in native words (and thus not indicated in the phonology tables above): the letters В /v/, Е /(j)e/, Ё /jo|/, Ж /ʒ/, З /z/, Ф /f/, Ц /t͡s/, Ш /ʃ/, Щ /ɕː/, Ъ, Ю /ju/, Я /ja/ are used exclusively in Russian loanwords. In addition, in native Yakut words, the soft sign <Ь> is used exclusively in the digraphs <дь> and <нь>.
Transliteration
There are numerous conventions for the Romanization of Yakut. Bibliographic sources and libraries typically use the ALA-LC Romanization tables for non-Slavic languages in Cyrillic script.[31] Linguists often employ Turkological standards for transliteration,[32] or a mixture of Turkological standards and the IPA.[21] In addition, others employ Turkish orthography.[33] Comparison of some of these systems can be seen in the following:
| Cyrillic | (a) | дьон | (b) | айыы | (c) | бу | ыт | аттааҕар | түгэнник | сүүрэр | (d) | эһэ | бөрөтөөҕөр | күүстээх | |
| IPA | /d͡ʒon/ | /ajɯː/ | /bu/ | /ɯt/ | /at.taːɣar/ | /tyrgɛn.nɪk/ | /syːrɛr/ | /ɛhɛ/ | /bøɾøtøːɣør/ | /kystɛːχ/ | |||||
| Gloss | people | creation | dem | dog | horse-cmpr | fast-adv | run-pres | bear | wolf-CMPR | strong-have | |||||
| Translation | 'people'[34] | 'creation'[35] | 'This dog runs faster than a horse'[36] | 'A bear is stronger than a wolf'[36] | |||||||||||
Transcription conventions: | |||||||||||||||
| дьон | айыы | бу | ыт | аттааҕар | түгэнник | сүүрэр | эһэ | бөрөтөөҕөр | күүстээх | ||||||
| Turkological | Krueger | ǰon | ajıı | bu | ıt | attaaɣar | türgennik | süürer | ehe | böröötööɣör | küüsteeχ | ||||
| Johanson | ǰon | ayï: | bu | ït | atta:ɣar | türgännik | sü:rär | ähä | börötö:ɣör | kü:stä:χ | |||||
| Robbeets & Savalyev | ʤon | ïyïː | bu | ït | attaːɣar | türgennik | süːrer | ehe | börötöːɣör | kü:steːχ | |||||
| ALA-LC[31] | d'on | aĭyy | bu | yt | attaaghar | tu̇rgennik | su̇u̇rer | eḣe | bȯrȯtȯȯghȯr | ku̇u̇steekh | |||||
| KNAB[37] | djon | ajy: | bu | yt | atta:ǧar | türgennik | sü:rer | eḩe | börötö:ǧör | kü:ste:h | |||||
| Turkish orthography | con | ayıı | bu | ıt | attaağar | türgennik | süürer | ehe | börötööğör | küsteex | |||||
Grammar
Syntax
The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; adjective – noun.
Nouns
Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -лор (-lor), -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -төр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör), or -нор (-nor), depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender.
| Final sound basics | Plural affix options | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Vowels, /l/ | -lar, -ler, -lor, -lör | kïïllar 'beasts', eheler 'bears', oɣolor 'children', börölör 'wolves' |
| /k, p, s, t, χ/ | -tar, -ter, -tor, -tör | attar 'horses', külükter 'shadows', ottor, 'herbs', bölöxtör 'groups' |
| /y, r/ | -dar, -der, -dor, -dör | baaydar 'rich people', ederder 'young people'[a]xotoydor 'eagles', kötördör 'eagles' |
| /m, n, ŋ/ | -nar, -ner, -nor, -nör | kïïmnar 'sparks', ilimner 'fishing nets', oronnor 'beds', bödöŋnör 'large ones' |
- ^baydar 'rich people' and ederder 'young' people are examples of predicative adjectives (i.e. baay 'rich', eder 'young') being pluralized
There is a handful of irregular plural nouns, e.g. уол (uol) 'boy; son' > уолаттар (uolattar), кыыс (kïïs) 'girl; daughter' > кыыргыттар (kïïrgïttar).
Yakut has eight grammatical cases: nominative (unmarked), accusative-(n)I, dative-GA, partitive-TA, ablative-(t)tan, instrumental-(I)nAn, comitative-LIIn, and comparative-TAAɣAr.[38] Examples of these are shown in the following table for a vowel-final stem eye 'peace' and a consonant-final stem uot 'fire':
| eye 'peace' | uot 'fire' | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | eye | uot |
| Accusative | eyeni | uotu |
| Dative | eyeɣe | uotka |
| Partitive | eyete | uotta |
| Ablative[a] | eyetten | uottan |
| Instrumental | eyenen | uotunan |
| Comitative | eyeliin | uottuun |
| Comparative | eteteeɣer | uottaaɣar |
- ^The Ablative suffix appears as -TAn following a consonant and -TTAn following a vowel. Clear examples of the former are ox 'arrow' → oxto 'from an/the arrow', oxtorton 'from (the) arrows'.
A notable detail about Yakut case is the absence of the genitive,[39] a feature which some argue is due to historical contact with Tungusic languages.[40] Possessors are unmarked, with the possessive relationship only being realized on the possessive suffix on the possessed noun.[41] For example, in (a) the first-person pronouns are not marked for genitive case; neither do full nominal possessors receive any marking (b):
a. min 1SG.NOM/GEN oɣo-m child-POSS.1SG / / bihigi 1PL.NOM/GEN oɣo-but child-POSS.1PL 'my son' / 'our child' |
b. Masha Masha.NOM/GEN aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG 'Masha's father' |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Yakut distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | мин (min) | биһиги (bihigi) | |
| 2nd person | эн (en) | эһиги (ehigi) | |
| 3rd person | human | кини (kini) | кинилэр (kiniler) |
| non-human | ол (ol) | олор (olor) | |
Although nouns have no gender, the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini, 'he/she') to refer to human beings and ол (ol, 'it') to refer to all other things.[42]
Questions
Question words in Yakut remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) 'what', ким (kim) 'who', хайдах (xajdax) 'how', хас (xas) 'how much; how many', ханна (xanna) 'where', and ханнык (xannïk) 'which'.
Vocabulary
| Yakut | Tuvan | Turkish | Uzbek | English | Classical Mongolian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | ||||
| аччыктааһын | aččïktahïn | аштаар | aštaar | açlık | ochlik | hunger | ölüsgüleŋ ᠥᠯᠥᠰᠬᠦᠯᠡᠩ |
| аччык | aččïk | аш | aš | aç | och | hungry | |
| аат | aat | ат | at | ad | ot | name | |
| балык | balïk | балык | balïk | balık | baliq | fish | |
| балыксыт | balïksït | балыкчы | balïkčï | balıkçı | baliqchi | fisherman | jiğasuçi ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤᠴᠢ |
| yy | uu | суг | sug | su | suv | water | usu ᠤᠰᠤ |
| тимир | timir | демир | demir | demir | temir | iron | temür ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ |
| күөл | küöl | хөл | khöl | göl | ko‘l | lake | na'ur ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ |
| атах | atax | adaḳ | ayak | oyoq | foot | ||
| мурун | murun | думчук | dumčuk | burun | burun | nose | |
| баттах | battax | дүк | dük | saç | soch | hair | üsü ᠦᠰᠦ |
| илии | ilii | хол | khol | el | qo‘l | hand | |
| күн | kün | хүн | khün | gün | kun | day, sun | |
| муус | muus | дош | doš | buz | muz | ice | mösü ᠮᠥᠰᠥ |
| ыт | ït | ыт | ït | it | it | dog | |
| сүрэх | sürex | чүрек | čürek | yürek | yurak | heart | jirüke ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ |
| сарсын | sarsïn | даарта, эртен | daarta, erten | yarın | ertaga | tomorrow | |
| бүгүн | bügün | бөгүн | bögün | bugün | bugun | today | |
| былыт | bïlït | булут | bulut | bulut | bulut | cloud | |
| хаар | xaar | хар | khar | kar | qor | snow | |
| хаан | xaan | хан | khan | kan | qon | blood | |
| эт | et | эът | èt | et | et | meat | |
| тиис | tiis | диш | tiš | diş | tish | tooth | |
| ат | at | аът | àt | at | ot | horse | |
| таас | taas | даш | daš | taş | tosh | stone | |
| үүт | üüt | сүт | süt | süt | sut | milk | sün ᠰᠦᠨ |
| ынах | ïnax | инек | inek | inek | inak/sigir | cow | |
| хара | xara | кара | kara | kara | qora | black | qar-a ᠬᠠᠷᠠ |
| сыттык | sïttïk | сыртык | sïrtïk | yastık | yostiq | pillow | |
| быһах | bïhax | бижек | bižek | bıçak | pichoq | knife | |
| бытык | bïtïk | bıyık | mo‘ylov | mustache | |||
| кыс, кыһын | kïs, kïhïn | кыш | kïš | kış, kışın | qish | winter | |
| туус | tuus | дус | dus | tuz | tuz | salt | |
| тыл | tïl | дыл | dïl | dil | til | tongue, language | kele ᠬᠡᠯᠡ |
| cаха тылa | saxa tïla | Саха дыл, Якут дыл | Sakha dïl, Yakut dïl | saha dili, sahaca | yoqut tili, yoqutcha | Yakut language | |
| кыыс | kïïs | кыс | kïs | kız | qiz | girl, daughter | |
| уол | uol | оол, оглу | ool, oglu | oğul, oğlan | o‘g‘il | son, boy | |
| үөрэтээччи | üöreteečči | башкы | baškï | öğretici, öğretmen | o‘qituvchi | teacher | |
| үөрэнээччи | üöreneečči | өөреникчи | öörenikči | öğrenci, talebe | o‘quvchi, talaba | student | |
| уһун | uhun | узун | uzun | uzun | uzun | long, tall | |
| кулгаах | kulgaax | кулак | kulak | kulak | quloq | ear | |
| сыл | sïl | чыл, хар | čïl, khar | yıl | yil | year | jil ᠵᠢᠯ |
| киһи | kihi | кижи | kiži | kişi | kishi | human, man | kümün ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ |
| суол | suol | орук | oruk | yol | yo‘l | road, way | |
| асчыт | asčït | белеткээр | beletkeer | aşçı | oshchi, oshpaz | cook | |
| тараах | taraax | дыргак | dïrgak | tarak | taroq | comb | |
| орто | orto | орта | orta | orta | o‘rta | middle | |
| күн ортото | kün ortoto | дүш, дүъш, дүъште | düš, dǜš, dǜšte | gün ortası | kun o‘rtasi | midday, noon | |
| күл | kül | хүлүмзүрүүр | khülümzürüür | gülmek | kulmoq | to laugh; to smile | |
| өл | öl | өлүр | ölür | ölmek | o‘lmoq | to die | |
| ис | is | ижер | ižer | içmek | ichmoq | to drink | |
| бил | bil | билир | bilir | bilmek | bilmoq | to know | |
| көр | kör | көөр (көр-) | köör (kör-) | görmek | ko‘rmoq | to see | qara ᠬᠠᠷᠠ |
| үөрэн | üören | өөренир | öörenir | öğrenmek | o‘rganmoq | to learn | |
| үөрэт | üöret | өөредир | ööredir | öğretmek | o‘rgatmoq | to teach | |
| ытыр | ïtïr | ызырар | ïzïrar | ısırmak | tishlamoq | to bite | |
| хас | xas | казар | kazar | kazmak | qozmoq, qazmoq | to dig | |
| тик | tik | даараар | daaraar | dikiş dikmek, dikmek | tikmoq | to sew | |
| кэл | kel | келир | kelir | gelmek | kelmoq | to come | |
| салаа | salaa | чылгаар | čïlgaar | yalamak | yalamoq | to lick | |
| тараа | taraa | taramak | taramoq | to comb | |||
| биэр | bier | бээр | beer | vermek | bermoq | to give | |
| бул | bul | тывар | tïvar | bulmak | topmoq | to find | |
| диэ | die | дe-, дi- | de-, di- | demek | demoq, aytmoq | to say | |
| киир | kiir | кирер | kirer | girmek | kirmoq | to enter | |
| иһит | ihit | дыңнаар | dïŋnaar | işitmek | eshitmoq | to hear | |
| ас | as | ажар | ažar | açmak | ochmoq | to open | |
| тут | tut | тудар | tudar | tutmak | tutmoq | to hold | |
| ый | ïy | ай | ay | ay | oy | moon | |
| ыйытыы | ïyïtïï | айтырыг | aytïrïg | soru | savol | question | |
| кыайыы | kïayïï | тиилелге | tiilelge | zafer | g‘alaba | victory | |
Numerals
| Old Turkic | Turkish | Uzbek | Tuvan | Yakut | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bir | bir | bir | bir | biir | one |
| eki | iki | ikki | iyi | ikki | two |
| üç | üç | uch | üş | üs | three |
| tört | dört | tŏrt | dört | tüört | four |
| beş | beş | besh | beş | bies | five |
| altı | altı | olti | aldı | alta | six |
| yeti | yedi | yetti | çedi | sette | seven |
| sekiz | sekiz | sakkiz | ses | aɣïs | eight |
| tokuz | dokuz | tŏqqiz | tos | toɣus | nine |
| on | on | ŏn | on | uon | ten |
Oral and written literature
The Yakut have a tradition of oral epic in their language called "Olonkho", traditionally performed by skilled performers. The subject matter is based on Yakut mythology and legends. Versions of many Olonkho poems have been written down and translated since the 19th century, but only a very few older performers of the oral Olonkho tradition are still alive. They have begun a program to teach young people to sing this in their language and revive it, though in a modified form.[43]
The first printing in Yakut was a part of a book by Nicolaas Witsen published in 1692 in Amsterdam.[44]
In 2005, Marianne Beerle-Moor, director of the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS, was awarded the Order of Civil Valour by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the translation of the New Testament into Yakut.[45]
Examples
Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
| Novgorodov's alphabet 1920–1929. (Latin alphabet/IPA) | зɔn barɯta beje s ltatɯgar nna bɯra:bɯgar teŋ blan t ry:ller. kinilerbarɯ rk:n jd:q, sbasta:q blan try:ller, nna beje bejeleriger tɯlga ki:riniges bɯhɯ:lara dɔʃɔrdɔhu: tɯ:nna:q b lqta:q. |
| Latin alphabet 1929—1939. (Yañalif) | Çon вarьta вeje suoltatьgar uonna вьraaвьgar teꞑ вuolan tɵryyller. Kiniler вarь ɵrkɵn ɵjdɵɵq, suoвastaaq вuolan tɵryyller, uonna вeje вejeleriger tьlga kiiriniges вьhььlara doƣordohuu tььnnaaq вuoluoqtaaq. |
| Modern Cyrillic 1939—present. | Дьон барыта бэйэ суолтатыгар уонна быраабыгар тэҥ буолан төрүүллэр. Кинилэр бары өркөн өйдөөх, суобастаах буолан төрүүллэр, уонна бэйэ бэйэлэригэр тылга кииринигэс быһыылара доҕордоһуу тыыннаах буолуохтаах. |
| Romanization | J̌on barïta beye suoltatïgar uonna bïraabïgar teŋ buolan törüüller. Kiniler barï örkön öydööx, suobastaax buolan törüüller, uonna beye beyeleriger tïlga kiiriniges bïsïïlara doɣordohuu tïïnnax buoluoxtaax. |
| English | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
- Yakuts
- Dolgan language
- Semyon Novgorodov – the inventor of the first IPA-based Yakut alphabet
References
- ^[1]Archived 2021-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, Russian census 2010
- ^Forsyth 1994, p.56: "Their language...Turkic in its vocabulary and grammar, shows the influence of both Tungus and Mongolian.".
- ^Johanson 2021, pp. 20, 24.
- ^ abStachowski & Menz 1998.
- ^Johanson 2021, p. 19.
- ^Antonov 1997.
- ^Russian Census 2002. 6. Владение языками (кроме русского) населением отдельных национальностей по республикам, автономной области и автономным округам Российской ФедерацииArchived 2006-11-04 at the Wayback Machine (Knowledge of languages other than Russian by the population of republics, autonomous oblast and autonomous districts) (in Russian)
- ^Pakendorf & Stapert 2020.
- ^Krueger 1962, p. 67.
- ^Pakendorf & Stapert 2020, p. 432.
- ^Krueger 1962, pp. 68–9.
- ^Kharitonov 1947, p. 63.
- ^Kharitonov 1947, p. 64.
- ^Stachowski & Menz 1998, p. 420.
- ^Ubrjatova, E. I. 1960 Opyt sravnitel'nogo izuc˙enija fonetic˙eskix osobennostej naselenija nekotoryx rajonov Jakutskoj ASSR. Moscow. 1985. Jazyk noril'skix dolgan. Novosibirsk: "Nauka" SO. In Tungusic Languages 2 (2): 1–32. Historical Aspects of Yakut (Saxa) Phonology. Gregory D. S. Anderson. University of Chicago.
- ^Johanson 2021, p. 36.
- ^Johanson 2021, p. 283.
- ^Pakendorf & Stapert 2020, p. 433; Anderson 1998.
- ^Vinokurova 2005; Baker & Vinokurova 2010.
- ^Robbeets & Savalyev 2020, p. lxxxii; Johanson 2021; Krueger 1962; Stachowski & Menz 1998.
- ^ abAnderson 1998.
- ^Pakendorf 2007; Pakendorf & Stapert 2020
- ^Johanson 2021, p. 315.
- ^Krueger 1962, pp. 48–9; Stachowski & Menz 1998, p. 419.
- ^Johanson 2021, p. 316.
- ^-(I)m indicates that this suffix appears as -m in vowel-final words (e.g. oɣo 'child' > oɣom 'my child'.
- ^Consonants in parentheses indicate that the suffix loses the consonant in consonant-final words, e.g. uol 'son' > uola 'his/her son.'
- ^Krueger 1962.
- ^Vinokurova 2005.
- ^Petrova 2011.
- ^ ab"Non-Slavic languages (in Cyrillic Script)"(PDF). Library of Congress. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 3, 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^Krueger 1962; Stachowski & Menz 1998; Johanson 2021; Menz & Monastyrev 2022
- ^Kirişçioğlu 1999.
- ^"дьон". sakhatyla.ru. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^"айыы". sakhatyla.ru. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^ abKrueger 1962, p. 89.
- ^"ROMANIZATION OF YAKUT"(PDF). August 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^Krueger 1962; Stachowski & Menz 1998; Vinokurova 2005
- ^Krueger 1962; Stachowski & Menz 1998; Baker & Vinokurova 2010; Johanson 2021.
- ^Pakendorf 2007.
- ^Baker & Vinokurova 2010.
- ^Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3.
- ^Robin Harris. 2012. Sitting "under the mouth": decline and revitalization in the Sakha epic tradition "Olonkho". Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.
- ^"Предпосылки возникновения якутской книги". Память Якутии. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
- ^"People". Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
Bibliography
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1998). "Historical Aspects of Yakut (Saxa) Phonology". Turkic Languages. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 1–32.
- Antonov, N. K. (1997). Tenshev, E. R. (ed.). Yazyki mira (seriya knig). Indrik (izdatelstvo). pp. 513–524. ISBN 5-85759-061-2. (in Russian)
- Baker, Mark C; Vinokurova, Nadya (2010). "Two modalities of case assignment: case in Sakha". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. No. 28. p. 5930642.
- Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477710.
- Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 24.
- Kharitonov, L. N. (1947). Samouchitel' jakutskogo jazyka. Jakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo.(in Russian)
- Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3. (in Turkish)
- Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
- Menz, Astrid; Monastyrev, Vladimir (2022). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages: Second Edition. Routledge. pp. 444–59. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-0-415-73856-9. S2CID 243795171.
- Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). "Romanization Conventions". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. lii–lxxxii.
- Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
- Pakendorf, Brigitte; Stapert, Eugénie (2020). "Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic Languages". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–45. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
- Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexicon and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
- Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
- Ubryatova, E.I., ed. (1980). Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
- Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.
External links
- Yakut Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Yakut thematic vocabulary lists
- [2]
- "Comparison of Yakut and Mongolian vocabulary". Archived from the original on February 5, 2008.
- Yakut texts with Russian translations in the Internet Archive – heroic poetry, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, etc.
- Sakhalyy suruk – Yakut Unicode fonts and Keyboard Layouts for PC
- Sakhatyla.ru – On-line Yakut–Russian, Russian–Yakut dictionary
- Yakut–English DictionaryArchived April 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Yakut
- Sakha Open WorldArchived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine – MP3's of Sakha Radio
Content in Yakut
- Sakha Open World – Орто ДойдуArchived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine – A platform to promote the Yakut Language on the web; News, Lyrics, Music, Fonts, Forum, VideoNews (in Yakut, Unicode)
- Baayaga village website – news and stories about and by the people of Baayaga (in Yakut)
- Kyym.ru – site of Yakut newspaper
- НВК Саха (NVK Sakha) Yakut language news channel on YouTube