Wiki Languages: Madurese language (Madhurâ)
| Language: Madurese (Madurese language) | Local name: Madhurâ |
| Language code: mad | Display language: English (en)|
| Speak area: Indonesia | Classification: Austronesian |
| Country: Indonesia | Second language: |
| Usage: regional | Wiki language for Madurese language |
Dictionary for Madurese (Madhurâ) in English
| English | Madurese |
| Madhurâ | English |
| Madurese | |
|---|---|
| bhâsa Madhurâ ꦧꦱꦩꦢꦸꦫ بَهاسَ مَدورا | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Island of Madura, Sapudi Islands, Java, Singapore and Malaysia (as Boyanese) |
| Ethnicity |
|
Native speakers | 6.7 million (2011)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
| Dialects |
|
Writing system | Latin script Carakan script Pegon alphabet |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in |  East Java (with Javanese and Indonesian) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | |
| ISO 639-3 | mad – Standard Madurese |
| Glottolog | madu1247 |
Madurese (bhâsa Madhurâ; Carakan: ꦧꦱꦩꦢꦸꦫ; Pegon: بَهاسَ مَدورا) is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and Eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands and even some on Kalimantan. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on Arabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 8–13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean Madurese, which is a dialect of Madurese, also spoken by Baweanese descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.
Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.
Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form (common form).[citation needed]
Phonology
Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.[2]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | /i/ ꦆ ⟨i⟩ | /ɨ/ ꦆ ⟨e⟩ | /u/ ꦈ ⟨u⟩ | |
| Mid | /ɛ/ ꦌ ⟨è⟩ | /ə/ ꦄꦼ ⟨e⟩ | /ɤ/ ꦄꦼꦴ ⟨â⟩ | /ɔ/ ꦎ ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | /a/ ꦄ ⟨a⟩ | |||
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ꦩ ⟨m⟩ | /n̪/ ꦤ ⟨n⟩ | /ɳ/ ꦟ ⟨ṇ⟩ | /ɲ/ ꦚ ⟨ny⟩ | /ŋ/ ꦔ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ꦥ ⟨p⟩ | /t̪/ ꦠ ⟨t⟩ | /ʈ/ ꦛ ⟨ṭ⟩ | /c/ ꦕ ⟨c⟩ | /k/ ꦏ ⟨k⟩ | /ʔ/ ꦃ ⟨'⟩ |
| voiced | /b/ ꦧ ⟨b⟩ | /d̪/ ꦢ ⟨d⟩ | /ɖ/ ꦣ ⟨ḍ⟩ | /ɟ/ ꦗ ⟨j⟩ | /ɡ/ ꦒ ⟨g⟩ | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ ꦧ ⟨bh⟩ | /t̪ʰ/ ꦢ ⟨dh⟩ | /ʈʰ/ ꦣ ⟨ḍh⟩ | /cʰ/ ꦗ ⟨jh⟩ | /kʰ/ ꦒ ⟨gh⟩ | ||
| Fricative | /s/ ꦱ ⟨s⟩ | /h/ ꦲ ⟨h⟩ | |||||
| Trill | /r/ ꦫ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | central | /j/ ꦪ ⟨y⟩ | /w/ ꦮ ⟨w⟩ | ||||
| lateral | /l/ ꦭ ⟨l⟩ | ||||||
Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated, voiced aspirated. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar (even retroflex) stops.[3][4]
The letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are used in loanwords.[5]
Morphology
Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.[6]
Common words
| Madurese | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|
| lakè’ | laki-laki | male |
| binè’ | perempuan | female |
| iyâ | iya | yes |
| enja′ | tidak | no |
| aing [ãĩŋ] | air | water |
| are | matahari | sun |
| mata | mata | eye |
| sèngko' | aku/saya | I/me |
| bâ'na | kamu/engkau | you |
Numerals
| Madurese | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|
| settong | satu | one |
| duwâ' | dua | two |
| tello' | tiga | three |
| empa' | empat | four |
| lèma’ | lima | five |
| ennem | enam | six |
| pètto’ | tujuh | seven |
| bâllu’ | delapan | eight |
| sanga′ | sembilan | nine |
| sapolo | sepuluh | ten |
Sample text
From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Sâdhâjâna orèng lahèr mardhika è sarenge dhrâjhât klabân ha'-ha' sè padâ. Sâdhâjâna èparèngè akal sareng nurani bân kodhu areng-sareng akanca kadhi tarètan.
"All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
References
- ^Standard Madurese at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^see Davies (2010), p. 59
- ^Davies (2010), p. 59
- ^Stevens, Alan (2001). "Madurese". In Garry, J.; Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About the World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson.
- ^Ejaan Bahasa Madura yang Disempurnakan (in Indonesian). Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Pusat Bahasa, Balai Bahasa Surabaya. 2008. p. 3.
- ^see Davies (2010), p. 273-275
Bibliography
- Davies, W. D. (2010). A Grammar of Madurese. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
- Kiliaan, H. N. (1897). Madoereesche Spraakkunst (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.