Wiki Languages: Balinese language (Bali)
Language: Balinese (Balinese language) | Local name: Bali |
Language code: ban | Display language: English (en)|
Speak area: Indonesia | Classification: Austronesian |
Country: Indonesia | Second language: |
Usage: regional | Wiki language for Balinese language |
Dictionary for Balinese (Bali) in English
English | Balinese |
Bali | English |
Balinese | |
---|---|
ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ, ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ Bhāṣa Bali, Basa Bali | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok, Java |
Ethnicity |
|
Native speakers | 3.3 million (2000 census)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
Early form | Old Balinese |
Writing system | Latin script Balinese script |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 |
|
ISO 639-3 | ban |
Glottolog | bali1278 |
Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java,[2] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.[3] Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian. The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.[4]
The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.
Classification
Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup.[5] Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali and Nusa Penida.[4]
Demographics
According to the 2000 census, Balinese language is being spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. But in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.[6]
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Low | a |
The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by a. However, a is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.[7]
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
Stop/Affricate | p | b | t | d | tʃ | dʒ | k | g | ||
Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
Approximant | w | l | j | |||||||
Trill | r |
Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian), which have a dental /t/ patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.[3]
Stress
Stress falls on the last syllable.[7]
Vocabulary
Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, many cognates in both languages sound quite different.[8]
English | Low Balinese | High Balinese | Indonesian |
---|---|---|---|
this | ene | niki | ini |
that | ento | nika | itu |
here | dini | driki | di sini |
there | ditu | drika | di sana, di situ |
what | apa | napi | apa |
human | manusa, jelema | jadma | manusia |
hair | bok | rambut | rambut |
fire | api | gni | api |
child | panak | pianak, oka | anak kecil |
to live | idup | urip | hidup |
to drink | nginem | nginem | minum |
big | gede | ageng | besar, gede |
new | baru | anyar | baru |
day | wai | rahina | hari |
sun | matan ai | surya | matahari |
lake | danu | danu | danau |
egg | taluh | taluh | telur |
friend | timpal | suwitra | teman |
to sightsee | melali-lali | malelancaran | tamasya |
name | adan | parab | nama |
to be, to become | dadi | dados | menjadi |
to stay | nongos | meneng | tinggal |
from | uli | saking | dari |
Grammar
The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectionalmorphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.[7]
Registers
Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking: low (basa ketah), middle (basa madia), and high (basa singgih). Basa singgih contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese.
Numerals
Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.
Writing
Balinese has been written in two different writing systems: the Balinese script, and in modern times the Latin script.
Balinese script
The Balinese script (Aksara Bali, ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ), which is arranged as Hanacaraka (ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.[9]
Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.[10] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.
Latin alphabet
Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali.[11]
Gallery
Balinese palm-leaf manuscript
Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, Batuan, Bali
Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script
Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script
Klungkung Regent's Office sign
Note
^1 In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords have different orthography than native words. The first Balinese script is influenced by orthography of Sanskrit and Kawi as word basa derives from the Sanskrit word भाषा bhāṣā. Meanwhile, diacritics is not written in current romanization of Balinese language. Thus, ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ and basa Bali are the standard forms.
See also
- Balinese (Unicode block)
References
- ^Balinese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^Ethnologue.
- ^ abClynes, Adrian (1995). Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d77865d38e15. hdl:1885/10744.
- ^ ab"Glottolog 4.3 - Balinese". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
- ^Adelaar, K. Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
- ^Ni Komang Erviani (March 30, 2012). "Balinese Language 'Will Never Die'". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ abcSpitzing, Günter (2002). Practical Balinese: Phrasebook and Dictionary. Rutland VT: Tuttle Publishing. p. 22.
- ^"√ Kamus Bahasa Bali Lengkap". curcol.co. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^Beratha, Ni Luh Sutjiati (1992). Evolution of Verbal Morphology in Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d7786429c1ff. hdl:1885/109364.
- ^"Balinese (Basa Bali)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^Eiseman, Fred B. Jr. "The Balinese Languages". Bali Vision. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19.
External links
- Balinese man speaking Balinese language in different Balinese dialects
- Ager, Simon. "Balinese". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
- The Balinese Digital Library.
- Widiadana R. A. & Erviani N. K. (29 January 2011). Ancient ‘lontar’ manuscripts go digital. The Jakarta Post.
- Erviani N. K. (14 January 2011). US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age. The Jakarta Post.
- Unicode website
- Paradisecopen access recording of Balinese song.
- Kaipuleohone's Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including RB2-006,RB2-009.
- The Balinese Language (ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ) - YouTube