Wiki Languages: Moksha language (Мокшень (Mokshanj Kälj))
| Language: Moksha (Moksha language) | Local name: Мокшень (Mokshanj Kälj) |
| Language code: mdf | Display language: English (en)|
| Speak area: Russia | Classification: Uralic |
| Country: Russia | Second language: |
| Usage: regional | Wiki language for Moksha language |
Dictionary for Moksha (Мокшень (Mokshanj Kälj)) in English
| English | Moksha |
| Мокшень (Mokshanj Kälj) | English |
| Moksha | |
|---|---|
| Mokshan[1] | |
| мокшень кяль pronounced [/'mɔkʃənʲ kælʲ/] | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | European Russia |
| Ethnicity | 253,000 Mokshas (2010 census) |
Native speakers | approx. 130,000 (2010 census)[2] 430,000 Mordvin in Russia per 2010 census.[3] The 1926 census found that approximately 1/3 of ethnic Mordvins were Moksha, and the figure might be similar today[4] |
Language family | Uralic
|
Writing system | Cyrillic |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Mordovia (Russia) |
| Regulated by | Mordovian Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | |
| ISO 639-3 | mdf |
| Glottolog | moks1248 |
| ELP | Moksha |
 | |
Moksha (мокшень кяль, pronounced [ˡmɔkʃənʲ kʲælʲ]) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010. Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia.[5] Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.[6]
History
Indo-Iranian Influence
| Indo-Iranian forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| D–V | |||
| Indo-Iranian form | Declining stem | Meaning | Moksha derivatives |
| داس | Persian: dâs | "sickle" | тарваз /'tɑrvɑs/ "sickle"[7] |
| 𐬠𐬀𐬖𐬀 | Avestan: baγa | "God" | паваз /'pɑvɑs/ "God"[8] |
| ऊधर् | Sanskrit: ū́dhar | "udder" | одар /'odɑr/ "udder" [9] |
| वज्र | Sanskrit: vajra | "God's weapon" | узерь /'uzʲərʲ/ "axe" [10] |
Proto-Greek Influence
Before approximately 1700 BCE Moksha was influenced by Proto-Greek. This happened probably during the Gelonian period.[11]
The citation form for nouns (the form normally shown in Greek dictionaries) is the Greek nominative singular, but that is typically not the root form from which Moksha nouns are generally derived.
| Greek nouns and adjectives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Α–Σ | |||
| Ancient Greek form | Declining stem | Meaning | Moksha derivatives |
| αἴνιγμα/ˈǎi̯.niŋ.ma/ | αἶνος+μα (-ma is a Gerund suffix)[12] | riddle | айне-ма (-ma is a Gerund suffix) /'ɑjnʲimɑ/ "riddle, mistery"[13] |
| οὖθαρ/oûthar | oûthar | "udder" | одар /'odar/ "udder" [14][15] |
| βάτραχος/ˈvatraxos/ | βάτραχος- | "frog" | ватракш /'vɑtrɑkʃ/, ватракшсь /'vɑtrɑkʃsʲ/ "the frog", ватракшень /'vɑtrɑkʃənʲ/ "of a frog (Genitive)"[16][17] |
| γλυκύς/glykys, /ɡly.kýs/ | γλυκύς- | "sweet" | клёк/ /klʲok/ "nice" [18] |
| λειμων/leː.mɔ̌ːn/ | λειμων | "meadow" | лайме/'lɑjmæ/ лаймонь /'lɑjmənʲ/ "of a meadow (Genitive)"[19][20] |
| νάρθηξ/narteks /nár.tʰɛːks/ | νάρθη- | a plant name | нярьхкамаз /'nʲær̥ʲkɑmɑs/ "wormwood", нярьхкамазсь /'nʲær̥ʲkɑmɑsʲ:/ "the wormwood"[21] |
| νόμος/nomos | νόμος | custom, temper, law | намоз /'nɑməs/ "temper, decency", намозу /'nɑməzu/ "descent" [22][23] |
| πινδοσ/pindos | πινδοσ | light | пиндолф /'pindəlf/ "shine"[24][25][26] |
| Ῥᾶ/Ra | Ῥᾶ- | Rha (Volga) | Рава /'rɑvɑ/ , Равонь /'rɑvənʲ/ "of Volga (genitive)", Раваста /'rɑvəstɑ/ "off Volga (elative)"[27][28] |
| στεῖρα/ˈsti.ra/ | στεῖρα | "sterile" | стирь /sʲtʲirʲ/ "girl" [29] |
- Prof. Revesz lists more than 100 Finno-Ugric and Greek cognates, some of them can be found in Moksha language as well.[30]
Official status
Moksha is one of the three official languages in Mordovia (the others being Erzya and Russian). The right to one's own language is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Mordovia Republic.[31] The republican law of Mordovia N 19-3 issued in 1998[32] declares Moksha one of its state languages and regulates its usage in various spheres: in state bodies such as Mordovian Parliament, official documents and seals, education, mass-media, information about goods, geographical names, road signs. However, the actual usage of Moksha and Erzya is rather limited.
Education
The first few Moksha schools were devised in the 19th century by Russian Christian missionaries. Since 1973 Moksha language was allowed to be used as language of instruction in first 3 grades of elementary school in rural areas and as a subject on a voluntary basis.[33] The medium in universities of Mordovia is Russian, but the philological faculties of Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute offer a teacher course of Moksha.[34][35] Mordovian State University also provides a course of Moksha for other humanitarian and some technical specialities.[35] According to the annual statistics of the Russian Ministry of Education in 2014-2015 year there were 48 Moksha-medium schools (all in rural areas) where 644 students were taught, and 202 schools (152 in rural areas) where Moksha was studied as a subject by 15,783 students (5,412 in rural areas).[36] Since 2010, study of Moksha in schools of Mordovia is not compulsory, but can be chosen only by parents.[37]
Dialects
The Moksha languages is divided into three dialects:
- Central group (M-I)
- Western group (M-II)
- South-Eastern group (M-III)
The dialects may be divided with another principle depending on their vowel system:
- ä-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä/æ/ is retained: śeĺmä/sʲelʲmæ/ "eye", t́äĺmä/tʲælʲmæ/ "broom", ĺäj/lʲæj/ "river".
- e-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä is raised and merged with *e: śeĺme/sʲelʲme/ "eye", t́eĺme/tʲelʲme/ "broom", ĺej/lʲej/ "river".
- i-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä is raised to /e/, while Proto-Moksha *e is raised to /i/ and merged with *i: śiĺme/sʲilʲme/ "eye", t́eĺme/tʲelʲme/ "broom", ĺej/lʲej/ "river".
The standard literary Moksha language is based on the central group with ä (particularly the dialect of Krasnoslobodsk).
Phonology
Vowels
There are eight vowels with limited allophony and reduction of unstressed vowels. Moksha has lost the original Uralic system of vowel harmony but maintains consonant-vowel harmony (palatalized consonants go with front vowels, non-palatalized with non-front).
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ ⟨и⟩ | ɨ ⟨į⟩ ⟨ы⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ ⟨у, ю⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ ⟨е, э⟩ | ə ⟨ə⟩ ⟨а, о, е⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ ⟨о⟩ |
| Open | æ ⟨ä⟩ ⟨я, э, е⟩ | ɑ ⟨a⟩ ⟨а⟩ |
There are some restrictions for the occurrence of vowels within a word:[38]
- [ɨ] is an allophone of the phoneme /i/ after phonemically non-palatalized ("hard") consonants.[39]
- /e/ does not occur after non-palatalized consonants, only after their palatalized ("soft") counterparts.
- /a/ and /æ/ do not fully contrast after phonemically palatalized or non-palatalized consonants.[clarification needed]
- Similar to /e/, /æ/ does not occur after non-palatalized consonants either, only after their palatalized counterparts.
- After palatalized consonants, /æ/ occurs at the end of words, and when followed by another palatalized consonant.
- /a/ after palatalized consonants occurs only before non-palatalized consonants, i.e. in the environment /CʲaC/.
- The mid vowels' occurrence varies by the position within the word:
- In native words, /e, o/ are rare in the second syllable, but common in borrowings from e.g. Russian.
- /e, o/ are never found in the third and following syllables, where only /ə/ occurs.
- /e/ at the end of words is only found in one-syllable words (e.g. ве/ve/ "night", пе/pe/ "end"). In longer words, word-final ⟨е⟩ always stands for /æ/ (e.g. веле/velʲæ/ "village", пильге/pilʲɡæ/ "foot, leg").[40]
Unstressed /ɑ/ and /æ/ are slightly reduced and shortened [ɑ̆] and [æ̆] respectively.
Consonants
There are 33 consonants in Moksha.
| Labial | Dental | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | palat. | |||||||||||
| Nasal | m ⟨м⟩ | n ⟨н⟩ | nʲ ⟨нь⟩ | |||||||||
| Stop | p ⟨п⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | tʲ ⟨ть⟩ | dʲ ⟨дь⟩ | k ⟨к⟩ | ɡ ⟨г⟩ | ||||
| Affricate | ts ⟨ц⟩ | tsʲ ⟨ць⟩ | tɕ ⟨ч⟩ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f ⟨ф⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | sʲ ⟨сь⟩ | zʲ ⟨зь⟩ | ʂ~ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʐ~ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ç ⟨йх⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ | ||
| Approximant | l̥ ⟨лх⟩ | l ⟨л⟩ | l̥ʲ ⟨льх⟩ | lʲ ⟨ль⟩ | j ⟨й⟩ | |||||||
| Trill | r̥ ⟨рх⟩ | r ⟨р⟩ | r̥ʲ ⟨рьх⟩ | rʲ ⟨рь⟩ | ||||||||
/ç/ is realized as a sibilant [ɕ] before the plural suffix /-t⁽ʲ⁾/ in south-east dialects.[41]
Palatalization, characteristic of Uralic languages, is contrastive only for dental consonants, which can be either "soft" or " hard". In Moksha Cyrillic alphabet the palatalization is designated like in Russian: either by a "soft sign" ⟨ь⟩ after a "soft" consonant or by writing "soft" vowels ⟨е, ё, и, ю, я⟩ after a "soft" consonant. In scientific transliteration the acute accent or apostrophe are used.
All other consonants have palatalized allophones before the front vowels/æ, i, e/ as well. The alveolo-palatal affricate/tɕ/ lacks non-palatalized counterpart, while postalveolar fricatives /ʂ~ʃ, ʐ~ʒ/ lack palatalized counterparts.
Devoicing
Unusually for a Uralic language, there is also a series of voiceless liquid consonants: /l̥ , l̥ʲ, r̥ , r̥ʲ/ ⟨ʀ, ʀ́, ʟ, ʟ́⟩. These have arisen from Proto-Mordvinic consonant clusters of a sonorant followed by a voiceless stop or affricate: *p, *t, *tʲ, *ts⁽ʲ⁾, *k.
Before certain inflectional and derivational endings, devoicing continues to exist as a phonological process in Moksha. This affects all other voiced consonants as well, including the nasal consonants and semivowels. No voiceless nasals are however found in Moksha: the devoicing of nasals produces voiceless oral stops. Altogether the following devoicing processes apply:
| Plain | b | m | d | n | dʲ | nʲ | ɡ | l | lʲ | r | rʲ | v | z | zʲ | ʒ | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devoiced | p | t | tʲ | k | l̥ | l̥ʲ | r̥ | r̥ʲ | f | s | sʲ | ʃ | ç | |||
For example, before the nominative plural /-t⁽ʲ⁾/:
- кал/kal/ "fish" – калхт/kal̥t/ "fish"
- лем/lʲem/ "name" – лепть/lʲeptʲ/ "names"
- марь/marʲ/ "apple" – марьхть/mar̥ʲtʲ/ "apples"
Devoicing is, however, morphological rather than phonological, due to the loss of earlier voiceless stops from some consonant clusters, and due to the creation of new consonant clusters of voiced liquid + voiceless stop. Compare the following oppositions:
- калне/kalnʲæ/ "little fish" – калхне/kal̥nʲæ/ (< *kal-tʲ-nʲæ) "these fish"
- марьне/marʲnʲæ/ "my apples" – марьхне/mar̥ʲnʲæ/ ( < *marʲ-tʲ-nʲæ) "these apples"
- кундайне/kunˈdajnʲæ/ "I caught it" – кундайхне/kunˈdaçnʲæ/ ( < *kunˈdaj-tʲ-nʲæ) "these catchers"
Stress
Non-high vowels are inherently longer than high vowels /i, u, ə/ and tend to draw the stress. If a high vowel appears in the first syllable which follow the syllable with non-high vowels (especially /a/ and /æ/), then the stress moves to that second or third syllable. If all the vowels of a word are either non-high or high, then the stress falls on the first syllable.[42]
Stressed vowels are longer than unstressed ones in the same position like in Russian. Unstressed vowels undergo some degree of vowel reduction.
Grammar
Morphosyntax
Like other Uralic languages, Moksha is an agglutinating language with elaborate systems of case-marking and conjugation, postpositions, no grammatical gender, and no articles.[43]
Case
Moksha has 13 productivecases, many of which are primarily locative cases. Locative cases in Moksha express ideas that Indo-European languages such as English normally code by prepositions (in, at, toward, on, etc.).
However, also similarly to Indo-European prepositions, many of the uses of locative cases convey ideas other than simple motion or location. These include such expressions of time (e.g. onthe table/Monday, inEurope/a few hours, bythe river/the end of the summer, etc. ), purpose (toChina/keep things simple), or beneficiary relations. Some of the functions of Moksha cases are listed below:
- Nominative, used for subjects, predicatives and for other grammatical functions.
- Genitive, used to code possession.
- Allative, used to express the motion onto a point.
- Elative, used to code motion off from a place.
- Inessive, used to code a stationary state, in a place.
- Ablative, used to code motion away from a point or a point of origin.
- Illative, used to code motion into a place.
- Translative, used to express a change into a state.
- Prolative, used to express the idea of "by way" or "via" an action or instrument.
- Lative, used to code motion towards a place.
There is controversy about the status of the three remaining cases in Moksha. Some researchers see the following three cases as borderline derivationalaffixes.
- Comparative, used to express a likeness to something.
- Caritive (or abessive), used to code the absence of something.
- Causal, used to express that an entity is the cause of something else.
| Case function | Case Name[43] | Suffix | Vowel stem | Plain consonant stem | Palatalized consonant stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ˈmodɑ] | land | [kut] | house | [velʲ] | town | |||
| Grammatical | Nominative | -Ø | [ˈmodɑ] | a land | [kud] | a house | [ˈvelʲæ] | a town |
| Genitive | [nʲ] | [ˈmodɑnʲ] | of a land, a land's | [ˈkudʲənʲ] | of a house, a house's | [ˈvelʲənʲ] | of a town, a town's | |
| Locative | Allative | [nʲdʲi] | [ˈmodɑnʲdʲi] | onto a land | [ˈkudənʲdʲi] | onto a house | [ˈvelʲənʲdʲi] | onto a town |
| Elative | [stɑ] | [ˈmodɑstɑ] | off from a land | [kutˈstɑ] | off from a house | [ˈvelʲəstɑ] | off from a town | |
| Inessive | [sɑ] | [ˈmodɑsɑ] | in a land | [kutˈsɑ] | in a house | [ˈvelʲəsɑ] | in a town | |
| Ablative | [dɑ, tɑ] | [ˈmodɑdɑ] | from a land | [kutˈtɑ] | from the house | [ˈvelʲədɑ] | from the town | |
| Illative | [s] | [ˈmodɑs] | into a land | [kuts] | into a house | [ˈvelʲəs] | into a town | |
| Prolative | [vɑ, ɡɑ] | [ˈmodɑvɑ] | through/alongside a land | [kudˈɡɑ] | through/alongside a house | [ˈvelʲəvɑ] | through/alongside a town | |
| Lative | [v, u, i] | [ˈmodɑv] | towards a land | [ˈkudu] | towards a house | [ˈvelʲi] | towards a town | |
| Other | Translative | [ks] | [ˈmodɑks] | becoming/as a land | [ˈkudəks] | becoming/as a house | [ˈvelʲəks] | becoming a town, as a town |
| Comparative | [ʃkɑ] | [ˈmodɑʃkɑ] | size of a land, land size | [kudəʃˈkɑ] | size of a house, house size | [ˈvelʲəʃkɑ] | size of a town, town size | |
| Caritive | [ftəmɑ] | [ˈmodɑftəmɑ] | without a land, landless | [kutftəˈmɑ] | without a house, houseless | [ˈvelʲəftəma] | without a town, townless | |
| Causal | [ŋksɑ] | [ˈmodɑŋksɑ] | because of a land | [kudəŋkˈsɑ] | because of a house | [ˈvelʲəŋksɑ] | because of a town | |
Relationships between locative cases
As in other Uralic languages, locative cases in Moksha can be classified according to three criteria: the spatial position (interior, surface, or exterior), the motion status (stationary or moving), and within the latter, the direction of the movement (approaching or departing). The table below shows these relationships schematically:
| Spatial Position | Motion Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Stationary | Moving | ||
| Approaching | Departing | ||
| Interior | inessive (in) [-sɑ] | illative (into) [-s] | ablative (from) [dɑ, tɑ] |
| Surface | N/A | allative (onto) [nʲdʲi] | elative (off from) [stɑ] |
| Exterior | prolative (by) [vɑ, gɑ] | lative (towards) [v, u, i] | N/A |
Pronouns
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| nominative | [mon] | [ton] | [son] | [minʲ] | [tʲinʲ] | [sʲinʲ] |
| genitive | [monʲ] | [tonʲ] | [sonʲ] | |||
| allative | [monʲdʲəjnʲæ, tʲejnæ] | [ˈtonʲdʲəjtʲ, tʲəjtʲ] | [ˈsonʲdʲəjzɑ, ˈtʲejnzɑ] | [minʲdʲəjnʲek] | [tinʲdʲəjnʲtʲ] | [sʲinʲdʲəst] |
| ablative | [ˈmonʲdʲədən] | [ˈtonʲdʲədət] | [ˈsonʲdʲədənzɑ] | [minʲdʲənk] | [minʲdʲədent] | [sʲinʲdʲədəst] |
Cherapkin's Inscription
One of the very few commonly-accepted examples of Moksha is inscriptions on so-called mordovka silver coins issued under Golden Horde rulers since 14th century. The evidence of usage of the language (written with the Cyrillic script) comes from the 16th century.[44][45]
| Inscription (Old Moksha) | moΛи АНСи ОкАн пЄΛКи |
| Transcription | moli ansi okan pelki |
| Interpretation (Moksha) | Моли аньцек окань пяли |
| Translation | Goes only for half gold |
Writing system
Moksha has been written using Cyrillic with spelling rules identical to those of Russian since the 18th century. As a consequence of that, the vowels /e, ɛ, ə/ are not differentiated in a straightforward way.[46] However, they can be (more or less) predicted from Moksha phonotactics. The 1993 spelling reform defines that /ə/ in the first (either stressed or unstressed) syllable must be written with the "hard" sign ⟨ъ⟩ (e.g. мъ́рдсемс mə́rdśəms "to return", formerly мрдсемс). The version of the Moksha Cyrillic alphabet used in 1924-1927 had several extra letters, either digraphs or single letters with diacritics.[47] Although the use of the Latin script for Moksha was officially approved by the CIK VCKNA (General Executive Committee of the All Union New Alphabet Central Committee) on June 25, 1932, it was never implemented.
| Cyr | Аа | Бб | Вв | Гг | Дд | Ее | Ёё | Жж | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | a | b | v | ɡ | d | ʲe, | je, | ʲɛ, | ʲə | ʲo, | jo | ʒ | z | i | j | k | l | m | n | o, | ə |
| ScTr | a | b | v | g | d | ˊe, | je, | ˊä, | ˊə | ˊo, | jo | ž | z | i | j | k | l | m | n | o, | ə |
| Cyr | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Фф | Хх | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | Ъъ | Ыы | Ьь | Ээ | Юю | Яя | ||||
| IPA | p | r | s | t | u | f | x | ts | tɕ | ʃ | ɕtɕ | ə | ɨ | ʲ | e, | ɛ | ʲu, | ju | ʲa, | æ, | ja |
| ScTr | p | r | s | t | u | f | χ | c | č | š | šč | ə | i͔ | ˊ | e, | ä | ˊu, | ju | ˊa, | ˊä, | ja |
| IPA | a | ʲa | ja | ɛ | ʲɛ | b | v | ɡ | d | dʲ | e | ʲe | je | ʲə | ʲo | jo | ʒ | z | zʲ | i | ɨ | j | k | l | lʲ | l̥ | l̥ʲ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyr | а | я | я | э | я, | е | б | в | г | д | дь | э | е | е | е | ё | ё | ж | з | зь | и | ы | й | к | л | ль | лх | льх |
| ScTr | a | ˊa | ja | ä | ˊä | b | v | g | d | d́ | e | ˊe | je | ˊə | ˊo | jo | ž | z | ź | i | i͔ | j | k | l | ľ | ʟ | ʟ́ | |
| IPA | m | n | o | p | r | rʲ | r̥ | r̥ʲ | s | sʲ | t | tʲ | u | ʲu | ju | f | x | ts | tsʲ | tɕ | ʃ | ɕtɕ | ə | |||||
| Cyr | м | н | о | п | р | рь | рх | рьх | с | сь | т | ть | у | ю | ю | ф | х | ц | ць | ч | ш | щ | о, | ъ,* | a,* | и* | ||
| ScTr | m | n | o | p | r | ŕ | ʀ | ʀ́ | s | ś | t | t́ | u | ˊu | ju | f | χ | c | ć | č | š | šč | ə | |||||
Literature
Before 1917 about 100 books and pamphlets mostly of religious character were published. More than 200 manuscripts including at least 50 wordlists were not printed. In the 19th century the Russian Orthodox Missionary Society in Kazan published Moksha primers and elementary textbooks of the Russian language for the Mokshas. Among them were two fascicles with samples of Moksha folk poetry. The great native scholar Makar Evsevyev collected Moksha folk songs published in one volume in 1897. Early in the Soviet period, social and political literature predominated among published works. Printing of Moksha language books was all done in Moscow until the establishment of the Mordvinian national district in 1928. Official conferences in 1928 and 1935 decreed the northwest dialect to be the basis for the literary language.
Common expressions (Moksha–Russian–English)
| Moksha | Romanization | English |
|---|---|---|
| Да | Da | Yes |
| Пара | Pára | Good |
| Стане | Stáne | Right |
| Аф | Af | Not |
| Аш | Ash | No |
| Шумбра́т! | Shumbrát! | Hello! (addressing one person) |
| Шумбра́тада! | Shumbrátada! | Hello! (addressing more than one person) |
| Сюкпря! | Siuk priá! | Thanks! (lit.: Bow) |
| Ульхть шумбра́! | Ult shumbrá! | Bless you! |
| У́леда шумбра́т! | Úleda shumbrát! | Bless you (to many)! |
| Ванфтт пря́цень! | Vanft priátsen | Take care! |
| Ванфтк пря́цень! | Vanftk priátsen! | Be careful! |
| Ко́да э́рят? | Kóda ériat? | How do you do? |
| Ко́да те́фне? | Kóda téfne? | How are your things getting on? |
| Лац! | Lats! | Fine! |
| Це́бярьста! | Tsébiarsta! | Great! |
| Ня́емозонк! | Niáyemozonk! | Good bye! (lit.: See you later) |
| Ва́ндыс! | Vándis! | See you tomorrow! |
| Шумбра́ста па́чкодемс! | Shumbrásta páchkodems! | Have a good trip/flight! |
| Па́ра а́зан - ле́здоманкса! - се́мбонкса! | Pára ázan - lézdomanksa! - sémbonksa! | Thank you - for help/assistance! - for everything! |
| Аш ме́зенкса! | Ash mézenksa! | Not at all! |
| Про́стямак! | Prо́stiamak! | I'm sorry! |
| Про́стямасть! | Prо́stiamast! | I'm sorry (to many)! |
| Тят кяжия́кшне! | Tiát kiazhiyákshne! | I didn't mean to hurt you! |
| Ужя́ль! | Uzhiál! | It's a pity! |
| Ко́да тонь ле́мце? | Kóda ton lémtse? | What is your name? |
| Монь ле́мозе ... | Mon lémoze ... | My name is ... |
| Мъзя́ра тейть ки́зa? | Mziára téit kíza? | How old are you? |
| Мъзя́ра те́йнза ки́за? | Mziára téinza kíza? | How old is he (she)? |
| Те́йне ... ки́зот. | Téine ... kízot. | I'm ... years old. |
| Те́йнза ... ки́зот. | Téinza ... kízot. | He (she) is ... years old. |
| Мя́рьгат сува́мс? | Miárgat suváms? | May I come in? |
| Мя́рьгат о́замс? | Miárgat о́zams? | May I have a seat? |
| О́зак. | Ózak. | Take a seat. |
| О́зада. | Ózada. | Take a seat (to many). |
| Учт аф ла́мос. | Ucht af lámos. | Please wait a little. |
| Мярьк та́ргамс? | Miárk tárgams? | May I have a smoke? |
| Та́ргак. | Tárgak. | [You may] smoke. |
| Та́ргада. | Tárgada. | [You may] smoke (to many). |
| Аф, э́няльдян, тят та́рга. | Af, énialdian, tiát tárga. | Please, don't smoke. |
| Ко́рхтак аф ла́мода ся́да ка́йгиста (сяда валомня). | Kórtak af lámoda siáda káigista (siáda valо́mne). | Please speak a bit louder (lower). |
| Азк ни́нге весть. | Azk nínge vest. | Repeat one more time. |
| Га́йфтть те́йне. | Gáift téine. | Call me. |
| Га́йфтеда те́йне. | Gáifteda téine. | Call me (to many). |
| Га́йфтть те́йне ся́да ме́ле. | Gáift téine siáda méle. | Call me later. |
| Сува́к. | Suvák. | Come in. |
| Сува́да. | Suváda. | Come in (to many). |
| Ётак. | Yо́tak. | Enter. |
| Ётада. | Yо́tada. | Enter (to many). |
| Ша́чема ши́цень ма́рхта! | Sháchema shítsen márhta! | Happy Birthday! |
| А́рьсян тейть па́ваз! | Ársian téit pávaz! | I wish you happiness! |
| А́рьсян тейть о́цю сатфкст! | Ársian téit ótsiu satfkst! | I wish you great success! |
| Тонь шумбраши́цень и́нкса! | Ton shumbrashítsen ínksa! | Your health! |
| О́чижи ма́рхта | Óchizhi márta! | Happy Easter! |
| Од Ки́за ма́рхта! | Od Kíza márta! | Happy New Year! |
| Ро́штува ма́рхта! | Róshtuva márta! | Happy Christmas! |
| То́ньге ста́не! | Tónge stáne! | Same to you! |
References
- ^"Moksha". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^Moksha at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
- ^"Population of the Russian Federation by Languages (in Russian)"(PDF). gks.ru. Russian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- ^Jack Rueter (2013) The Erzya Language. Where is it spoken?Études finno-ougriennes 45
- ^[1] Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^Janse, Mark; Sijmen Tol; Vincent Hendriks (2000). Language Death and Language Maintenance. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. A108. ISBN 978-90-272-4752-0.
- ^Vershinin 2009, p. 431
- ^Vershinin 2005, p. 307
- ^Vershinin 2005, p. 307
- ^Vershinin 2005
- ^Semenkovich 1913
- ^Beekes & Beek 2010, pp. 57–84
- ^Alyoshkin 1988
- ^Vershinin 2005, p. 307
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Kuznetsov 1912 p.4-5
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Stetsyuk 2022
- ^Revesz 2017
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Stetsyuk 2022
- ^Akhmetyanov 1981 p.114
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Stetsyuk quotes Pokorny with his πινδοσ to IE *kuei "to shine" and suggests isolated among Finno-Ugric words Moksha pindolf.
- ^Stetsyuk 2022
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Zabelin 1908, p. 238-240
- ^Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
- ^Stetsyuk 2022
- ^Revesz 2017
- ^(in Russian)Статья 12. Конституция Республики Мордовия = Article 12. Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia
- ^(in Russian)Закон «О государственных языках Республики Мордовия»
- ^Isabelle T. Kreindler, The Mordvinians: A doomed Soviet nationality? | Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Vol. 26 N°1. Janvier-Mars 1985. pp. 43–62
- ^(in Russian)Кафедра мокшанского языкаArchived 2015-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ab(in Russian)Исполняется 15 лет со дня принятия Закона РМ «О государственных языках Республики Мордовия»Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine // Известия Мордовии. 12.04.2013.
- ^"Статистическая информация 2014. Общее образование". Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^(in Russian)Прокуратура борется с нарушением законодательства об образовании = The Prosecutor of Mordovia prevents violations against the educational law. 02 February 2010.
- ^Feoktistov 1993, p. 182.
- ^Feoktistov 1966, p. 200.
- ^Feoktistov 1966, p. 200–201.
- ^Feoktistov 1966, p. 220.
- ^Raun 1988, p. 100.
- ^ abc(in Finnish) Bartens, Raija (1999). Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seura. ISBN 9525150224. OCLC 41513429.
- ^Зайковский Б. В. «К вопросу о мордовках» Труды Нижне-Волжского областного научного общества краеведения. Вып. 36, часть 1. Саратов, 1929 г
- ^Вячеслав Юрьевич Заварюхин. Памятники нумизматики и бонистики в региональном историко-культурном процессе, автореферат диссертации, 2006
- ^Raun 1988, p. 97.
- ^Omniglot.com page on the Moksha language
Bibliography
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- Feoktistov, Aleksandr; Saarinen, Sirkka (2005). Mokšamordvan murteet [Dialects of Moksha Mordvin]. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 952-5150-86-0.
- Juhász, Jenő (1961). Moksa-Mordvin szójegyzék (in Hungarian). Budapest.
- Paasonen, Heikki (1990–1999). Kahla, Martti (ed.). Mordwinisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki.
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- Belyakov, Andrey (2013-03-12), Invisible Men in Russian Army in 16th century. Russian Army During the Reign of Ivan the Terrible. Materials of Academic Discussion Dedicated To 455th Anniversary of Beginning of the Livonian War. Part I. Is.2 (in Russian), Saint-Petersburg
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- Geraklitov, Aleksandr (2011). Selected Works. Vol. 1. Mordovsky belyak (in Russian). Mordovia Republic Humanities Research Institute. ISBN 978-5-900029-78-8.
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- In Russian
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- Ермушкин Г. И. Ареальные исследования по восточным финно-угорским языкам = Areal research in East Fenno-Ugric languages. — М., 1984.
- Поляков О. Е. Учимся говорить по-мокшански. — Саранск: Мордовское книжное издательство, 1995.
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- Феоктистов А. П. Мордовские языки // Основы финно-угорского языкознания. — М., 1975. — С. 248–345.
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- Cherapkin, Iosif (1933). Moksha-Mordvin - Russian Dictionary. Саранск.
- Vershinin, Valery (2009). Mordvinic (Erzya and Moksha languages) Etymological Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 4. Yoshkar Ola.
- Vershinin, Valery (2005). Mordvinic (Erzya and Moksha languages) Etymological Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 3. Yoshkar Ola.
- In Moksha
- Девяткина, Татьяна (2002). Мокшэрзянь мифологиясь [Tatyana Devyatkina. Moksha-Erzya mythology] (in Moksha). Tartu: University of Tartu. ISBN 9985-867-24-6.
- Alyoshkin A. (1988). "Siyan Karks [Silver Belt]". Moksha (in Moksha). 6.
Footnotes
External links
Media related to Moksha language at Wikimedia Commons
- Mokshen Pravda newspaper
- Moksha – Finnish/English dictionary (robust finite-state, open-source)
- Periodicals, texbooks and manuscripts in Moksha language in National Library of Finland