Wiki Languages: Fijian language (Na Vosa Vakaviti)

Updated: 07-10-2024 by Wikilanguages.net
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Display language: English (en)
Language: Fijian (Fijian language)Local name: Na Vosa Vakaviti
Language code: fj
Speak area: FijiClassification: Austronesian, Oceanic
Country: FijiSecond language:
Usage: nationalWiki language for Fijian language

Dictionary for Fijian (Na Vosa Vakaviti) in English

EnglishFijian
Na Vosa VakavitiEnglish
Fijian
Vosa vaka-Viti
Native toFiji
EthnicityFijians
Native speakers
(339,210 cited 1996 census)[1]
320,000 second-language users (1991)
Language family
Austronesian
  • Malayo-Polynesian
    • Oceanic
      • Central Pacific
        • East Fijian
          • Fijian
Dialects
  • Pidgin Fijian
Writing system
Latin-based
Official status
Official language in
wikilanguages.net Fiji
Language codes
ISO 639-1
ISO 639-2
ISO 639-3fij
Glottologfiji1243
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A Fijian speaker, recorded in Fiji.

Fijian (Na vosa vaka-Viti) is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken by some 350,000–450,000 ethnic Fijians as a native language. The 2013 Constitution established Fijian as an official language of Fiji, along with English and Fiji Hindi and there is discussion about establishing it as the "national language". Fijian is a VOS language.[2]

Standard Fijian is based on the speech of Bau, which is an East Fijian language. A pidginized form is used by many Indo-Fijians and Chinese on the islands, while Pidgin Hindustani is used by many rural ethnic Fijians and Chinese in areas dominated by Indo-Fijians.

History

Phonology

The consonantphonemes of Fijian are as shown in the following table:

Fijian consonant phonemes
LabialCoronalPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnŋ
Plosivevoiceless(p)t(tʃ)k(ʔ)
prenasalizedᵐbⁿd(ⁿdʒ)ᵑɡ
Fricativevoiceless(f)s(x)(h)
voicedβð
Trillplainr
prenasalizedᶯɖʳ
Approximantwlj

The consonant written ⟨dr⟩ has been described as a prenasalized trill [ⁿr] or trilled affricate[ndr]. However, it is only rarely pronounced with a trilled release; the primary feature distinguishing it from ⟨d⟩ is that it is postalveolar, [ɳɖ], rather than dental/alveolar.[3]

The sounds [p] and [f] occur only in loanwords from other languages. The sounds [x] and [h] only occur for speakers from certain regions of the country.

The sounds [tʃ] and [ⁿdʒ] occur as allophones of /t/ and /ⁿd/.

Note the difference in place of articulation between the voiced-voiceless fricative pairs: bilabial[β] vs. labiodental[f], and dental[ð] vs. alveolar[s].

The vowel phonemes are:

Monophthongs
FrontCentralBack
shortlongshortlongshortlong
Closeiu
Mideo
Opena
Falling diphthongs
Second component
/i//u/
First component /e/ei̯eu̯
/o/oi̯ou̯
/a/ai̯au̯

In addition, there is the rising diphthong i̯u.

Syllables can consist of a consonant followed by a vowel (CV) or a single vowel (V).[4]Word stress is based on moras: a short vowel is one mora, diphthongs and long vowels are two morae. Primary stress is on the penultimate mora of the phonological word. That is, if the last syllable of a word is short, then the penultimate syllable will be stressed, while if the last syllable contains either a long vowel or a diphthong, then it receives primary stress. Stress is not lexical and can shift when suffixes are attached to the root. Examples:

  • Stress on the penultimate syllable (final short vowel): síga, "day";
  • Stress on the final syllable (diphthong): cauravóu, "youth" (the stress extends over the whole diphthong).
  • Stress shift: cábe, "kick" → cabé-ta, "kick-TR"[5]

Orthography

The Fijian alphabet is based on the Latin script and consists of the following letters.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y z

Among the consonants, there is almost a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes:

  • b = [ᵐb]
  • c = [ð]
  • d = [ⁿd] (di = [ⁿdʒi])
  • f = [f]
  • g = [ŋ]
  • h = [h] ~ [x]
  • j = [tʃ] ~ [ⁿdʒ]
  • k = [k]
  • l = [l]
  • m = [m]
  • n = [n] (nr = [ᶯɖ])
  • p = [p]
  • q = [ᵑɡ]
  • r = [r]
  • s = [s]
  • t = [t] (ti = [tʃi])
  • v = [β]
  • w = [ɰ]
  • y = [j] or silent
  • z = [ⁿdʒ]

In the 1980s, scholars compiling a dictionary added several more consonants and a few consonant clusters to the alphabet. These newcomers were necessary to handle words entering Standard Fijian from not only English, but from other Fijian languages or dialects as well. These are the most important additions: z (nj), as in ziza 'ginger' and h (h), as in haya 'hire'.[6]

Note that for phonological reasons ti and di are pronounced [tʃi], [ⁿdʒi] rather than [ti], [ⁿdi] (cf. Japanese chi kana, or in standard Brazilian Portuguese). Hence, the Fijian name for Fiji, Viti, from an allophonic pronunciation of [βitʃi] as [ɸidʒi].

In addition, the digraphdr stands for retroflex[ᶯɖ], or a prenasalized trill [ɳɖr] in careful pronunciation, or more commonly for some people and in some dialects.

The vowel letters a e i o u have roughly their IPA values, [a ɛ~e i ɔ~o u]. The vowel length contrast is not usually indicated in writing, except in dictionaries and textbooks for learners of the language, where it is indicated by a macron over the vowel in question; Dixon, in the work cited below, doubles all long vowels in his spelling system. Diphthongs are ai au ei eu oi ou and iu, pronounced [ɛi̯ ɔu̯ ei̯ eu̯ oi̯ ou̯ i̯u].

Morpho-syntax

Negation

In order to negate a phrase or clause in Fijian, certain verbs are used to create this distinction. These verbs of negation are known as semi-auxiliary verbs. Semi-auxiliary verbs fulfil the functions of main verbs (in terms of syntactic form and pattern) and have a NP or complement clause as their subject[7] (complements clauses within negation are introduced by relators ni (which refers to an event, which is generally a non-specific unit) or me (which refers is translated as "should", referring to the event within the complement clause should occur)).[8] Within a complement clause, the semi-auxiliary verb qualifies the predicate.[7]

Semi-auxiliary verbs

One semi-auxiliary verb used to express negation in Fijian is sega. This semi-auxiliary can be translated as either “there are no-” or “it is not the case that”, depending on the subject it relates to.[9] In terms of numerical expression, sega is also used to express the quantity "none".[10] This negator can be used in almost all situations, with the exception of the imperative or in a me (classifier) clauses.[9] When sega takes a NP as its subject, the meaning “there are no-” is assumed:

(1)[9]

e

3SG

sega

not

a

ART

‘olii

dog

(i+na

in+ART

‘oro

village

yai)

this

e sega a ‘olii (i+na ‘oro yai)

3SG not ART dog in+ART village this

“there are no dogs (in this village)”

Predicate clauses can also be negated in Fijian with the semi-auxiliary verb sega. This can only be completed when the predicate is placed into a complement clause.[9] The subject of sega must also be ni, which introduces the complement clause. It is then translated as “it is not the case that (predicate clause)”.[9] An example of this construction is shown here:

(2)[9]

e

3SG

sega

not

[ni

that

la'o

go

o

ART

Jone]

John

e sega [ni la'o o Jone]

3SG not that go ART John

“John is not going (lit: it is not the case that John is going)”

Hence, the only way a verb (which is generally the head of a predicate phrase) can be negated in Fijian is when it forms part of the [e sega ni VERB] construction.[9] However, in Fijian the head of a predicate phrase may belong to almost any word class. If another word (e.g. a noun) is used, the structure of negation alters.[9] This distinction can be shown through diverse examples of the negating NPs in Fijian. The below examples show the difference between a noun as the head of a NP and a noun as the head of a predicate in a complement clause, within negation:

NP as subject of sega
(3)[9]

e

3SG

sega

not

a

ART

‘olii

dog

e sega a ‘olii

3SG not ART dog

“there is no dog”

Ni as the subject of sega
(4)[9]

e

3SG

sega

not

ni

that

‘olii

dog

e sega ni ‘olii

3SG not that dog

“it isn’t a dog (it may be a cat)”

Additionally, sega can also work with relator se which introduces interrogative clauses.[11] This combination creates a form translatable as "or not":

(5)[12]

au

1SG

tovele-a

test-TR

se

whether

'ana

eat

vina'a

good

a

ART

'aa.'ana

food

yai

this

(se

or

sega)

not

au tovele-a se 'ana vina'a a 'aa.'ana yai (se sega)

1SG test-TR whether eat good ART food this or not

"I'll test whether this food tastes good or not"

Another common negator is ‘ua~waa’ua, which is translatable as “don’t, not”.[7] Differently to sega, this semi-auxiliary verb is used for imperatives and in me clauses. Therefore, these semi-auxiliaries are fixed, and cannot be used interchangeably.[13]‘Ua and waa’ua semantically have the same meaning, however waa’ua may be regarded as having a higher intensity or stronger sense; in most instances either semi-auxiliary verb can be used.[13]‘Ua~waa’ua can take a NP as its subject, but most commonly takes the ni complement as a subject,[14] which is demonstrated below:

(6)[14]

e

3SG

aa

PAST

taqo.-ma’ini

defend-TR

au

1SG

o

ART

Jone

Person

me+u

should+1SG

‘ua

not

ni

that

lau-.vacu

PASS-punch

e aa taqo.-ma’ini au o Jone me+u ‘ua ni lau-.vacu

3SG PAST defend-TR 1SG ART Person should+1SG not that PASS-punch

“John defended me from being punched (lit: that I should not be punched)”

An example of ua~waa’ua used in imperative structure can be seen here:

(7)[15]

au

1SG

saa

ASP

vei-.vutuni.-ta'ina

repent-TR

sara

MODIF

me+u

should+1SG

saa

ASP

waa'ua

not

ni

INT

va'a-.yaco-ra

make-happen-TR

tale

again

a

ART

ca'a.ca'a

REDUP-do

yai

INT

i+na

on+ART

siga.tabu

Sunday

au saa vei-.vutuni.-ta'ina sara me+u saa waa'ua ni va'a-.yaco-ra tale a ca'a.ca'a yai i+na siga.tabu

1SG ASP repent-TR MODIF should+1SG ASP not INT make-happen-TR again ART REDUP-do INT on+ART Sunday

"I repented (of hunting pigs on the sabbath) so that I won't ever again do this activity on Sunday"

It is important to note that in the case of pronouns, they can only be negated when they form part of the NP, when acting as the predicate head.[16] Therefore, pronouns cannot be the NP subject of semi-auxiliary verbs sega or ‘ua~waa’ua in the way that general nouns can [16]

Combining semi-auxiliary verbs

Sega and ‘ua~waa’ua can be combined with other auxiliary verbs to produce diverse constructions.[17] Both sega and ‘ua~waa’ua can connect with semi-auxiliary rawa ("can") to negate the concept of possibility which is attached to the verb 'can' (resulting in constructions such as "can't" and "shouldn't"). [18]

Modifiers in negation

Two main modifiers, soti ('a lot') and sara ('very; (go) right on, immediately’) play key roles in negation in Fijian, and work in conjunction with semi-auxiliary verbs. Soti is added after negators sega and ‘ua~waa’ua, and functions as an intensity marker.[19] The construction sega soti is translatable as ‘not a lot of, not very’. The sega soti construction requires an adjective (or an adverb which results from an adjective), and must take ni (complement clause) as its subject in order to function.[19]Soti can be found in position immediately after sega, but may also be found after the ni relator without changing the meaning of the phrase.[20] The primary construction is shown below:

(8)[19]

au

1SG

sega

not

soti

INT

ni

SUB

vu’u

clever

me

should

tautauvata

same

‘ei

with

Sepo

Person

au sega soti ni vu’u me tautauvata ‘ei Sepo

1SG not INT SUB clever should same with Person

“I’m not as clever as Sepo (lit: I am not clever, to be the same as Sepo)”

Similarly, to soti, the modifier sara (‘very; (go) right on, immediately’) can also be used in conjunction with sega and ua~waa’ua. This combination is used to stress the negative sense and aspect of a phrase:[20]

(9)[20]

‘ua

don't

ni

INT

la’i

go

taaoo

held-up

tale

again

i

AT

Viidawa,

Viidawa

la’o

go

sara

INT

i

to

‘Orovou!

'Orovou

‘ua ni la’i taaoo tale i Viidawa, la’o sara i ‘Orovou!

don't INT go held-up again AT Viidawa go INT to 'Orovou

“don’t get held up at Viidawa (a place en route, where there may be some enticing event in progress), go straight on to ‘Orovou!”

Pronouns and person markers

The pronominal system of Fijian is remarkably rich. Like many other languages, it recognises three persons; first person (speaker), second person (addressee), and third person (all other). There is no distinction between human, non-human, animate, or inanimate.[21] Four numbers are represented; singular, dual, paucal, and plural—'paucal' refers to more than two people who have some relationship, as a family or work group; if none, 'plural' is used. Like many other Oceanic languages, Fijian pronouns are marked for number and clusivity.[22]

Fijian Pronouns[23]
Person Number
singular dual paucal plural
1INCL subject (e)tarutou(e)ta
object 'eetaru'etatou'eta
cardinal 'eetaru'etatou'eta
1EXCL subject au~u'eirau'eitou'eimami
object au'eirau'eitou'eimami
cardinal yau'eirau'eitou'eimami
2 subject o(o)mudrau
~(o)drau 
(o)mudou
~(o)dou 
(o)munuu
~(o)nuu 
object i'o'emudrau'emudou'emunuu
cardinal i'o'emudrau'emudou'emunuu
3 subject e(e)rau(e)ratou(e)ra
object 'earauiratouira
cardinal 'ea(i)rau(i)ratou(i)ra

Forms and function

Each pronoun can have five forms, but some person-number combinations may have the same form for more than one function,[24] as can be seen in the table above.

The forms are:

Cardinal – used when a pronoun occurs as the head of a NP. A cardinal pronoun is usually preceded by the proper article o', except when preceded by a preposition:

(1)[24]

era

3PL

sa

ASP

la'o

go

[o

ART

ira]

3PL

era sa la'o [o ira]

3PL ASP go ART 3PL

"They are going" (2)[24]

(2)[24]

au

1SG

aa

PAST

soli-a

give-TR

[a

ART

niu]

coconut

[vei

PREP

ira]

3PL

au aa soli-a [a niu] [vei ira]

1SG PAST give-TR ART coconut PREP 3PL

"I gave [the coconut] [to them]"

Subject – the first constituent of a predicate, acts as person marking. Examples can be seen in examples (1) and (2) above: 'era' and 'au', and (3) below: 'o'

Object – follows the -i-final form of a transitive verb:

(3)[24]

o

2SG

aa

PAST

biu-ti

leave-TR

ira

3PL

o aa biu-ti ira

2SG PAST leave-TR 3PL

"You left them"

Possessive suffix – attaches to inalienable nouns, and

Possessive – precedes the NP head of the 'possessed' constituent in a possessive construction.

(For more information on the form and function of these possessive pronouns, see Possession.)

Use

The major clausal structure in Fijian minimally includes a predicate, which usually has a verb at its head.[25] The initial element in the predicate is the subject form pronoun:

(4a)[25]

au

1SG

la'o

go

au la'o

1SG go

"I am going"

(4b)

era

3PL

la'o

go

era la'o

3PL go

"They are going"

This 'subject marker + verb' predicate construction is obligatory, every other constituent is optional. The subject may be expanded upon by an NP following the predicate:

(5)[25]

era

3PL

la'o

go

[a

ART

gone]

child

era la'o [a gone]

3PL go ART child

"[the children] are going" or "They [the children] are going"

The subject pronoun constituent of a predicate acts mainly as a person marker.

Fijian is a verb–object–subject language, and the subject pronoun may be translated as its equivalent in English, the subject NP of a clause in Fijian follows the verb and the object if it is included.

The social use of pronouns is largely driven by respect and hierarchy. Each of the non-singular second person pronouns can be used for a singular addressee. For example, if one's actual or potential in-laws are addressed, the 2DU pronoun should be used. Similarly, when a brother or sister of the opposite sex is addressed, the 2PA pronoun should be used, and it can also be used for same-sex siblings when the speaker wishes to show respect. The 2PL pronoun can be used to show respect to elders, particularly the village chief.[24]

Possession

Possession is a grammatical term for a special relationship between two entities: a "possessor" and a "possessed". The relationship may be one of legal ownership, but in Fijian, like many other Austronesian languages, it is often much broader, encompassing kin relations, body parts, parts of an inanimate whole and personal qualities and concepts such as control, association and belonging.

Fijian has a complex system of possessive constructions, depending on the nature of the possessor and of the possessed. Choosing the appropriate structure depends on knowing[26] whether the possessor is a personal or place name, a pronoun, or a common noun (with human or non-human, animate or inanimate reference), and also on whether the possessed is a free or bound noun.

Possessor

Only an animate noun may be a possessor in the true possessive constructions shown below, with possession marked on the possessed NP in a number of ways. For personal and place name possessors, the possessive construction may be made by affixing the possessive suffix –i to the possessed noun, bound or free. If the possessor is a pronoun, the possessed noun must be marked by one of the pronominal markers which specify person, number and inclusivity/exclusivity (see table). If the possessor is inanimate, the possessive particle ni is usually placed between the possessed NP and the possessor NP. The particle ni then indicates association, rather than formal possession, but the construction is still regarded as a possessive construction.

Possessed

Free nouns can stand alone and need no affix; most nouns in Fijian fall into this class. Bound nouns require a suffix to complete them and are written ending in a hyphen to indicate this requirement. Tama- (father) and tina- (mother) are examples of bound nouns. The classes of free and bound nouns roughly correspond with the concept, common in Austronesian languages, of alienable and inalienable possession, respectively. Alienable possession denotes a relationship in which the thing possessed is not culturally considered an inherent part of the possessor, and inalienable possession indicates a relationship in which the possessed is regarded as an intrinsic part of the possessor.

Body parts and kin relations are typical examples of inalienable possession. Inanimate objects are typical examples of alienable possession.

The alienable nature of free nouns is further marked by prefixes, known as classifiers, indicating certain other characteristics. Some common examples are me- when the possessed noun is something drinkable, ke- (or ‘e) when the noun is something edible and we- when the referent of the possessed noun is personal property.

Fijian possessive pronominal suffix markers[27]
Single Dual Paucal Plural
1st person exclusive -qu -irau -itou -imami
inclusive -daru -datou -da
2nd person -mu -mudrau -mudou -muni
3rd person -na -drau -dratou -dra

Possessive constructions[28]

The word order of a possessive construction for all except inanimate possessors is possessed NP-classifier(CLF) + possessive marker (POSS) + possessor NP.

For an inanimate possessor, the word order is possessed NP + ni + possessor NP.

POSSESSEDPOSSESSED
POSSESSORbound nounfree noun
personal or place namesuffix -i (example 1)classifier plus suffix -i; or suffix -i (example 2)
pronounpronominal suffix; or suffix -i (example 3a, b)classifier plus possessor pronoun (example 4a, b)
human nounpronominal suffix, expanded by post-head possessor NP; or suffix -i; or NP ni NP (example 5)classifier plus possessor pronoun, expanded by post-head possessor NP (example 6)
animate nounNP ni NP ; or pronominal suffix, expanded by post-head possessor NPNP ni NP; or classifier plus possessor pronoun, expanded by post-head possessor NP
inanimate nounNP ni NP (example 7, 8)NP ni NP (example 7, 8)

Note that there is some degree of flexibility in the use of possessive constructions as described in this table.

Examples

a

ART

liga-i

hand-POSS

Paula

Paula

a liga-i Paula

ART hand-POSS Paula

"Paula's hand"

a

ART

waqona

kava

me-i

CLF.drink-POSS

Paula

Paula

a waqona me-i Paula

ART kava CLF.drink-POSS Paula

"Paula's kava"

a

ART

tama-mudrau

father-PN.2DU

a tama-mudrau

ART father-PN.2DU

"The father of you two"

a

ART

liga-qu

hand-PN.1SG

a liga-qu

ART hand-PN.1SG

"My hand"

a

ART

me-na

CLF.drink-POSS.PN.3SG

ti

tea

a me-na ti

ART CLF.drink-POSS.PN.3SG tea

"His / her tea"

a

ART

'e-mu

CLF.eat-POSS-PN.2SG

uvi

yam

a 'e-mu uvi

ART CLF.eat-POSS-PN.2SG yam

"Your (SG) yam (for eating)."

a

ART

liga-na

hand-PN.3SG

a liga-na

ART hand-PN.3SG

His / her hand

a

ART

we-irau

CLF.PROPERTY-POSS.PN.1DU

waqa

boat

o

I

yau

and

ei

John

Jone

 

a we-irau waqa o yau ei Jone

ART CLF.PROPERTY-POSS.PN.1DU boat I and John

John's and my boat (thing owned). Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 7 word(s) in line 1, 6 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

na

ART

yaca

name

ni

POSS.PTCP

waqa

boat

na yaca ni waqa

ART name POSS.PTCP boat

The name of the boat (The name associated with the boat)

a

vale

ni

kana

a vale ni kana

ART house POSS.PTCP eat

Syntax

The normal Fijian word order is VOS (verb–object–subject):

E

3SG-SUB

rai-c-a

see-TR-3SG-OBJ

na

the

no-na

3SG-POSS

motoka

car

o Jone.

John.

E rai-c-a na no-na motoka {o Jone.}

3SG-SUB see-TR-3SG-OBJ the 3SG-POSS car John.

John sees his car.

Grammatical abbreviations

Abbreviations and Constructions
1 first person
2 second person
3 third person
ART article
ASP aspect
CLF numeral classifier
MODIF modifier
NP noun phrase
PTCP participle
PASS passive voice
PAST past tense
PL plural
POSS possessive
PREP preposition
PN pronoun
REDUP reduplication
SG singular
TR transitive

MODIF:modifier

National language debate

In May and June 2005, a number of prominent Fiji Islanders called for the status of Fijian to be upgraded. It was not an official language before the adoption of the 1997 Constitution, which made it co-official with English and Fiji Hindi. It is still not a compulsory subject in schools[when?], but Education Minister, Ro Teimumu Kepa, has endorsed calls for that to change, as has Great Council of ChiefsChairmanRatu Ovini Bokini. Similar calls came from Misiwini Qereqeretabua, the Director of the Institute of Fijian Language and Culture, and from Apolonia Tamata, a linguisticslecturer at Suva's University of the South Pacific, both of whom said that recognition of the Fijian language is essential to the nation's basic identity and as a unifying factor in Fiji's multicultural society.

The Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry also endorsed the call for Fijian to be made a national language and a compulsory school subject if the same status was given to Fiji Hindi, a position that was echoed by Krishna Vilas of the National Reconciliation Committee.

See also

  • East Fijian languages
  • Languages of Fiji
  • West Fijian languages

Notes

  1. ^Fijian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^[1] WALS – Fijian
  3. ^Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4. p 122, 131. The authors use the transcription ⟨nḍ⟩, where the sub-dot is their convention for a postalveolar stop that is not prototypically retroflex.
  4. ^Dixon 1988:15.
  5. ^Dixon 1988:17
  6. ^Schütz, Albert J., 1936- (2003). Say it in Fijian : an entertaining introduction to the standard language of Fiji. Textbook Wholesalers Ltd. ISBN 1862730385. OCLC 156199054.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ abcDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 279
  8. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 268-271
  9. ^ abcdefghijDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 40
  10. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 141
  11. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 270
  12. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 271
  13. ^ abDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 281
  14. ^ abDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 282
  15. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 294
  16. ^ abDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 67
  17. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 284
  18. ^Dixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 285
  19. ^ abcDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 96
  20. ^ abcDixon, Robert M. W. 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 97
  21. ^Dixon 1988: 52
  22. ^Cysouw, Michael (2013). "WALS Online – Feature 39A: Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  23. ^Dixon 1988: 54–55
  24. ^ abcdeDixon 1988: 53
  25. ^ abcDixon 1988: 33
  26. ^Dixon 1988: 119
  27. ^Schütz 1985: 449
  28. ^Dixon 1988: 120

Sources

  • Dixon, R. M. W. (1988). A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15428-9.
  • Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) 2013. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info, Accessed on 2015-05-04.)
  • Schütz, Albert J. (1985). The Fijian Language. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1005-8.

External links

  • Fijian language, alphabet and pronunciation at Omniglot
  • Fijian–English / English–Fijian Dictionary
  • Na Soqoni Tabu: Na Veitarataravi Ni Noda Veiqaravi Kei Na KalouAnglican Holy Communion in Fijian
  • A collection of open access Fijian recordings in Kaipuleohone.
  • Index cards of plant and animal names, labeled 'Fiji [plants]' archived with Kaipuleohone
  • Materials on Fijian are included in the open access Arthur Capell collections (AC1 and AC2) held by Paradisec.
  • Paradisec also holds an open access collection of Fijian music Fijian manuscripts in the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau collection,
  • George Grace's manuscript collection at the University of Hawai'i includes Fijian

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